\u015eumerl\u0259r q\u0259dim Mesopotamiyan\u0131n c\u0259nubunda, \u0259sas\u0259n D\u0259cl\u0259 v\u0259 F\u0259rat \u00e7aylar\u0131n\u0131n a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 h\u00f6vz\u0259sind\u0259 ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f v\u0259 b\u0259\u015f\u0259r tarixinin \u0259n q\u0259dim \u015f\u0259h\u0259r sivilizasiyalar\u0131ndan birini yaratm\u0131\u015f xalqlardan biridir. Onlar\u0131n tarixi \u0259sas\u0259n e.\u0259. IV\u2013III minillikl\u0259r\u0259 gedib \u00e7\u0131x\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u015eumer sivilizasiyas\u0131n\u0131n \u0259n m\u00fch\u00fcm x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tl\u0259rind\u0259n biri \u015f\u0259h\u0259r-d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rin meydana g\u0259lm\u0259si idi. Uruk, Ur, Laqa\u015f, Ki\u015f, Nippur v\u0259 Eridu kimi \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259r yaln\u0131z ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f m\u0259nt\u0259q\u0259l\u0259ri deyil, siyasi, dini v\u0259 iqtisadi m\u0259rk\u0259zl\u0259r idi. Bu \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rin h\u0259r birinin \u00f6z hakimiyy\u0259ti, m\u0259b\u0259dl\u0259ri v\u0259 t\u0259s\u0259rr\u00fcfat sistemi vard\u0131.<\/p>\n
\u015eumerl\u0259rin d\u00fcnya m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tin\u0259 \u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck t\u00f6hf\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n biri mixi yaz\u0131n\u0131n inki\u015faf\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130lk yaz\u0131l\u0131 n\u00fcmun\u0259l\u0259r \u0259sas\u0259n t\u0259s\u0259rr\u00fcfat v\u0259 inzibati ehtiyaclarla ba\u011fl\u0131 olsa da, sonralar bu yaz\u0131 sistemi il\u0259 dini m\u0259tnl\u0259r, qanunlar, dastanlar, m\u0259ktublar v\u0259 \u0259d\u0259bi \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259r yaz\u0131ld\u0131. \u201cGilqame\u015f dastan\u0131\u201dn\u0131n \u0259n q\u0259dim qatlar\u0131 da Mesopotamiyan\u0131n bu yaz\u0131l\u0131 \u0259n\u0259n\u0259si il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u015eumerl\u0259r riyaziyyat v\u0259 astronomiyada da m\u00fch\u00fcm nailiyy\u0259tl\u0259r \u0259ld\u0259 etmi\u015fdil\u0259r. Onlar\u0131n altm\u0131\u015fl\u0131q say sistemi sonrak\u0131 sivilizasiyalara t\u0259sir g\u00f6st\u0259rib. Bu g\u00fcn saat\u0131n 60 d\u0259qiq\u0259y\u0259, d\u0259qiq\u0259nin 60 saniy\u0259y\u0259 b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u0259si kimi b\u0259zi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc sisteml\u0259rinin k\u00f6k\u00fcnd\u0259 Mesopotamiya riyaziyyat\u0131n\u0131n izl\u0259rini g\u00f6rm\u0259k m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
\u015eumer c\u0259miyy\u0259tind\u0259 m\u0259b\u0259dl\u0259r m\u00fch\u00fcm iqtisadi v\u0259 siyasi m\u0259rk\u0259zl\u0259r idi. Kahinl\u0259r v\u0259 h\u00f6kmdarlar \u015f\u0259h\u0259rin idar\u0259 olunmas\u0131nda b\u00f6y\u00fck rol oynay\u0131rd\u0131lar. Zikkuratlar is\u0259 bu dini v\u0259 \u015f\u0259h\u0259r m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tinin \u0259n tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f memarl\u0131q n\u00fcmun\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259ndir.<\/p>\n
\u015eumerl\u0259rin dili d\u0259 q\u0259dim d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u0259n maraql\u0131 dil hadis\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n biridir. \u015eumer dili m\u0259lum q\u0259dim dill\u0259rin \u0259ks\u0259riyy\u0259tind\u0259n f\u0259rqli olaraq ba\u015fqa dill\u0259rl\u0259 etibarl\u0131 \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 qohumla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmay\u0131b v\u0259 dil izolyat\u0131 hesab olunur. Bununla bel\u0259, \u015eumerl\u0259rin etnik m\u0259n\u015f\u0259yi m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259si tarix\u015f\u00fcnasl\u0131qda h\u0259l\u0259 d\u0259 m\u00fcxt\u0259lif m\u00fczakir\u0259l\u0259rin m\u00f6vzusudur. Bu sah\u0259d\u0259 f\u0259rziyy\u0259l\u0259ri elmi faktlardan ay\u0131rmaq x\u00fcsusil\u0259 vacibdir.<\/p>\n
\u015eumer sivilizasiyas\u0131n\u0131n sonrak\u0131 Mesopotamiya m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tl\u0259rin\u0259 t\u0259siri b\u00f6y\u00fck olub. Akkadlar, babillil\u0259r v\u0259 assuriyal\u0131lar \u015eumerl\u0259rin yaz\u0131, dini \u0259n\u0259n\u0259, \u0259d\u0259biyyat v\u0259 idar\u0259\u00e7ilik irsind\u0259n geni\u015f istifad\u0259 edibl\u0259r. \u015eumer dili g\u00fcnd\u0259lik dan\u0131\u015f\u0131q dili kimi aradan \u00e7\u0131xd\u0131qdan sonra bel\u0259 uzun m\u00fcdd\u0259t dini v\u0259 elmi m\u0259tnl\u0259rin dili olaraq ya\u015fay\u0131b.<\/p>\n
\u015eumerl\u0259r haqq\u0131nda m\u00fcasir t\u0259s\u0259vv\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcz \u0259sas\u0259n arxeoloji qaz\u0131nt\u0131lar v\u0259 minl\u0259rl\u0259 mixi yaz\u0131l\u0131 l\u00f6vh\u0259nin oxunmas\u0131 n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 formala\u015f\u0131b. Buna g\u00f6r\u0259 \u015eumer tarixi yaln\u0131z q\u0259dim r\u0259vay\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259n deyil, birba\u015fa yaz\u0131l\u0131 s\u0259n\u0259dl\u0259rd\u0259n v\u0259 maddi m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259t n\u00fcmun\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n \u00f6yr\u0259nilir.<\/p>\n
\u015eumerl\u0259rin \u0259sas miras\u0131 yaln\u0131z onlar\u0131n qurdu\u011fu \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259r v\u0259 yaz\u0131 sistemi deyil. Onlar\u0131n yaratd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015f\u0259h\u0259r h\u0259yat\u0131, yaz\u0131l\u0131 idar\u0259\u00e7ilik, \u0259d\u0259biyyat, h\u00fcquq v\u0259 riyazi bilikl\u0259r sonrak\u0131 Yax\u0131n \u015e\u0259rq sivilizasiyalar\u0131n\u0131n inki\u015faf\u0131na m\u00fch\u00fcm t\u0259sir g\u00f6st\u0259rib. Bu bax\u0131mdan \u015eumer m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259ti d\u00fcnya sivilizasiya tarixinin \u0259n m\u00fch\u00fcm ba\u015flan\u011f\u0131c n\u00f6qt\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n biri olaraq qal\u0131r.<\/p>\n
imza.info<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u015eumerl\u0259r q\u0259dim Mesopotamiyan\u0131n c\u0259nubunda, \u0259sas\u0259n D\u0259cl\u0259 v\u0259 F\u0259rat \u00e7aylar\u0131n\u0131n a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 h\u00f6vz\u0259sind\u0259 ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f v\u0259 b\u0259\u015f\u0259r tarixinin \u0259n q\u0259dim \u015f\u0259h\u0259r sivilizasiyalar\u0131ndan birini yaratm\u0131\u015f xalqlardan biridir. Onlar\u0131n tarixi \u0259sas\u0259n e.\u0259. IV\u2013III minillikl\u0259r\u0259 gedib \u00e7\u0131x\u0131r. \u015eumer sivilizasiyas\u0131n\u0131n \u0259n m\u00fch\u00fcm x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tl\u0259rind\u0259n biri \u015f\u0259h\u0259r-d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rin meydana g\u0259lm\u0259si idi. Uruk, Ur, Laqa\u015f, Ki\u015f, Nippur v\u0259 Eridu kimi \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259r yaln\u0131z ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f m\u0259nt\u0259q\u0259l\u0259ri deyil, siyasi, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":2464,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[44,45,58,36,46,1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2463","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-dunya","category-edbiyyat","category-layihlr","category-manset","category-mdniyyt","category-son-xbrlr"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/imza.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2463","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/imza.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/imza.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/imza.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/imza.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2463"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/imza.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2463\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2465,"href":"https:\/\/imza.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2463\/revisions\/2465"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/imza.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/2464"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/imza.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2463"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/imza.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2463"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/imza.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2463"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}