\u0130nsan kimdir? N\u0259 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn ya\u015fay\u0131r? H\u0259yat\u0131n \u0259vv\u0259lc\u0259d\u0259n m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n edilmi\u015f bir m\u0259nas\u0131 varm\u0131? \u0130nsan \u00f6z taleyini \u00f6z\u00fc m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n edir, yoxsa g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u0259z q\u00fcvv\u0259l\u0259rin, c\u0259miyy\u0259tin v\u0259 \u015f\u0259raitin \u0259siridir?<\/p>\n
Bu suallar f\u0259ls\u0259f\u0259 tarixind\u0259 h\u0259mi\u015f\u0259 m\u00f6vcud olub. Lakin XIX \u0259srd\u0259 bu suallar yeni v\u0259 daha k\u0259skin \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131ya \u00e7\u0131xd\u0131. \u0130nsan\u0131n daxili t\u0259nhal\u0131\u011f\u0131, azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131, se\u00e7imi, m\u0259suliyy\u0259ti, qorxusu v\u0259 h\u0259yat\u0131n m\u0259nas\u0131 haqq\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnc\u0259l\u0259r sonralar ekzistensializm<\/strong> ad\u0131 il\u0259 tan\u0131nan f\u0259ls\u0259fi c\u0259r\u0259yan\u0131n \u0259sas\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259\u015fkil etdi.<\/p>\n Ekzistensializmin t\u0259k bir banisi olmasa da, f\u0259ls\u0259f\u0259 tarixind\u0259 onun \u201catas\u0131\u201d<\/strong> \u0259n \u00e7ox danimarkal\u0131 filosof S\u00f8ren Kierkegaard<\/strong> hesab olunur.<\/p>\n S\u00f8ren Kierkegaard 1813-c\u00fc ild\u0259 Kopenhagend\u0259 anadan olub. O, \u00f6z d\u00f6vr\u00fcn\u00fcn f\u0259ls\u0259f\u0259sind\u0259 \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck t\u0259\u015fkil ed\u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck, \u00fcmumi v\u0259 m\u00fcc\u0259rr\u0259d sisteml\u0259rd\u0259n f\u0259rqli olaraq, diqq\u0259ti konkret insana y\u00f6n\u0259ltdi.<\/p>\n Kierkegaard\u0131 daha \u00e7ox bir sual maraqland\u0131r\u0131rd\u0131:<\/p>\n \u0130nsan \u00f6z h\u0259yat\u0131 qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda nec\u0259 ya\u015famal\u0131d\u0131r?<\/strong><\/p>\n Onun fikrinc\u0259, insan\u0131 yaln\u0131z \u201cinsan n\u0259dir?\u201d sual\u0131 il\u0259 izah etm\u0259k m\u00fcmk\u00fcn deyil. \u018fsas m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259 konkret f\u0259rdin se\u00e7im qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda qalmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130nsan q\u0259rar verir, se\u00e7im edir, yan\u0131l\u0131r, pe\u015fman olur, qorxur, \u00fcmid edir v\u0259 n\u0259tic\u0259d\u0259 \u00f6z h\u0259yat\u0131na \u00f6z\u00fc cavabdeh olur.<\/p>\n Bu bax\u0131mdan Kierkegaard \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn insan\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 haz\u0131r v\u0259 d\u0259yi\u015fm\u0259z bir \u015fey deyil. \u0130nsan \u00f6z se\u00e7iml\u0259ri vasit\u0259sil\u0259 \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc formala\u015fd\u0131r\u0131r<\/strong>.<\/p>\n Ekzistensializmin \u0259n m\u00fch\u00fcm anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131ndan biri azadl\u0131qd\u0131r<\/strong>. Lakin Kierkegaard azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaln\u0131z xo\u015fb\u0259xtlik v\u0259 imkan kimi g\u00f6rm\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n Azad olmaq h\u0259m d\u0259 se\u00e7im etm\u0259k m\u0259cburiyy\u0259tind\u0259 qalmaqd\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u0130nsan qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u00e7oxlu yollar a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131qda, hans\u0131 yolu se\u00e7\u0259c\u0259yini bilm\u0259m\u0259si onda narahatl\u0131q yarada bil\u0259r. Kierkegaard bu v\u0259ziyy\u0259ti \u201cnarahatl\u0131q\u201d<\/strong> v\u0259 ya \u201ch\u0259y\u0259can\u201d (angst)<\/strong> anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259ndirirdi.<\/p>\n \u0130nsan azadd\u0131r v\u0259 m\u0259hz buna g\u00f6r\u0259 se\u00e7im etm\u0259kd\u0259n qa\u00e7a bilmir.<\/p>\n Bu fikir sonrak\u0131 ekzistensialistl\u0259r \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn son d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259 m\u00fch\u00fcm oldu.<\/p>\n Kierkegaard\u0131n f\u0259ls\u0259f\u0259sind\u0259 ba\u015fqa bir m\u00fch\u00fcm anlay\u0131\u015f \u00fcmidsizlikdir<\/strong>.<\/p>\n Buradak\u0131 \u00fcmidsizlik sad\u0259c\u0259 k\u0259d\u0259r v\u0259 ya b\u0259dbinlik deyil. Filosofa g\u00f6r\u0259 insan \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn kim oldu\u011funu q\u0259bul etm\u0259dikd\u0259, \u00f6z varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan qa\u00e7d\u0131qda v\u0259 \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc ba\u015fqalar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n etdiyi bir obrazla \u0259v\u0259z etdikd\u0259 daxili par\u00e7alanma ya\u015fay\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u0130nsan b\u0259z\u0259n \u00f6z h\u0259yat\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6z\u00fc ya\u015famaq \u0259v\u0259zin\u0259, ba\u015fqalar\u0131n\u0131n ondan g\u00f6zl\u0259diyi kimi ya\u015fama\u011fa ba\u015flay\u0131r.<\/p>\n Bu fikir bu g\u00fcn d\u0259 olduqca aktuald\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u00c7\u00fcnki insan\u0131n \u201cm\u0259n kim\u0259m?\u201d sual\u0131n\u0131n yerini \u00e7ox vaxt \u201cba\u015fqalar\u0131 m\u0259ni nec\u0259 g\u00f6r\u00fcr?\u201d sual\u0131 tutur.<\/p>\n Kierkegaard insan\u0131n f\u0259rdiliyin\u0259 x\u00fcsusi \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259t verirdi. O, insan\u0131n c\u0259miyy\u0259t i\u00e7ind\u0259 \u00f6z \u201cm\u0259n\u201dini itirm\u0259sind\u0259n narahat idi.<\/p>\n \u0130nsan k\u00fctl\u0259nin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnc\u0259sin\u0259 uy\u011funla\u015fa, ham\u0131n\u0131n etdiyini ed\u0259 v\u0259 \u00f6z q\u0259rarlar\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015fqalar\u0131n\u0131n fikrin\u0259 \u0259sasland\u0131ra bil\u0259r. Lakin bu halda insan \u00f6z varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259 m\u0259suliyy\u0259ti d\u0259 ba\u015fqalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcz\u0259rin\u0259 ata bil\u0259r.<\/p>\n Ekzistensializmin sonrak\u0131 inki\u015faf\u0131nda bu m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259 daha da m\u00fch\u00fcm yer tutdu:<\/p>\n \u0130nsan \u00f6z h\u0259yat\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259 m\u0259suliyy\u0259ti ba\u015fqas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcz\u0259rin\u0259 ata bil\u0259rmi?<\/strong><\/p>\n Ekzistensialistl\u0259rin cavab\u0131 \u0259sas\u0259n m\u0259nfidir.<\/p>\n Kierkegaarddan sonra Friedrich Nietzsche<\/strong> ekzistensial d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnc\u0259nin inki\u015faf\u0131na b\u00f6y\u00fck t\u0259sir g\u00f6st\u0259rdi.<\/p>\n Nietzsche insan\u0131n haz\u0131r d\u0259y\u0259rl\u0259ri kor-koran\u0259 q\u0259bul etm\u0259sini t\u0259nqid edirdi. Onun \u201cTanr\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fc<\/strong>\u201d fikri sad\u0259c\u0259 dini inkar kimi ba\u015fa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fclm\u0259m\u0259lidir. Nietzsche bununla \u0259n\u0259n\u0259vi v\u0259 m\u00fctl\u0259q hesab edil\u0259n d\u0259y\u0259rl\u0259r sisteminin b\u00f6hran\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6st\u0259rirdi.<\/p>\n \u018fg\u0259r \u0259vv\u0259lki d\u0259y\u0259rl\u0259r art\u0131q insan \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u0259vv\u0259lki g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc itiribs\u0259, onda insan n\u0259 ed\u0259c\u0259k?<\/p>\n Nietzschey\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 insan \u00f6z d\u0259y\u0259rl\u0259rini yaratmaq m\u0259suliyy\u0259ti il\u0259 \u00fcz-\u00fcz\u0259 qal\u0131r.<\/p>\n Bu fikir sonralar ekzistensializmin \u0259sas probleml\u0259rind\u0259n birin\u0259 \u00e7evrildi.<\/p>\n XX \u0259srd\u0259 ekzistensial d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnc\u0259nin \u0259n m\u00fch\u00fcm filosoflar\u0131ndan biri Martin Heidegger<\/strong> oldu.<\/p>\n 1927-ci ild\u0259 n\u0259\u015fr olunan \u201cVarl\u0131q v\u0259 zaman\u201d (Sein und Zeit)<\/strong> \u0259s\u0259rind\u0259 Heidegger insan\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, zamanla m\u00fcnasib\u0259tini, \u00f6l\u00fcm \u015f\u00fcurunu v\u0259 g\u00fcnd\u0259lik h\u0259yat\u0131n insan\u0131 \u00f6z\u00fcnd\u0259n uzaqla\u015fd\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015fd\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n Heidegger\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 insan \u00e7ox vaxt \u201cham\u0131 nec\u0259 ya\u015fay\u0131rsa, m\u0259n d\u0259 el\u0259 ya\u015fay\u0131ram\u201d prinsipin\u0259 uy\u011fun ya\u015fay\u0131r.<\/p>\n Lakin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn qa\u00e7\u0131lmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u0259rk etm\u0259k insan\u0131 \u00f6z h\u0259yat\u0131na ba\u015fqa g\u00f6zl\u0259 baxma\u011fa m\u0259cbur edir.<\/p>\n Bel\u0259likl\u0259, \u00f6l\u00fcm haqq\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u0259k h\u0259yat\u0131n m\u0259nas\u0131n\u0131 itirm\u0259k deyil, \u0259ksin\u0259, h\u0259yat\u0131n qiym\u0259tini d\u0259rk etm\u0259k<\/strong> vasit\u0259sin\u0259 \u00e7evrilir.<\/p>\n Ekzistensializmin \u0259n m\u0259\u015fhur n\u00fcmay\u0259nd\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n biri Jean-Paul Sartre<\/strong> idi.<\/p>\n Sartre 1943-c\u00fc ild\u0259 yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cVarl\u0131q v\u0259 he\u00e7lik\u201d<\/strong> \u0259s\u0259rind\u0259 insan\u0131n azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259sini geni\u015f \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 ara\u015fd\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n Onun m\u0259\u015fhur fikirl\u0259rind\u0259n biri bel\u0259dir:<\/p>\n \u201c\u0130nsan azad olma\u011fa m\u0259hkumdur.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n Bu paradoksal ifad\u0259nin m\u0259nas\u0131 budur: insan se\u00e7im etm\u0259kd\u0259n tamamil\u0259 qa\u00e7a bilm\u0259z. H\u0259tta se\u00e7im etm\u0259m\u0259k q\u0259rar\u0131 bel\u0259 bir se\u00e7imdir.<\/p>\n Sartre hesab edirdi ki, insan \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc \u0259vv\u0259lc\u0259d\u0259n m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n edilmi\u015f bir mahiyy\u0259tl\u0259 d\u00fcnyaya g\u0259lmi\u015f varl\u0131q kimi q\u0259bul etm\u0259m\u0259lidir. \u0130nsan \u00f6z se\u00e7iml\u0259ri v\u0259 h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259tl\u0259ri il\u0259 \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc yarad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Buradan \u00e7ox m\u00fch\u00fcm bir n\u0259tic\u0259 \u00e7\u0131x\u0131r:<\/p>\n Azadl\u0131q m\u0259suliyy\u0259tsiz ola bilm\u0259z.<\/strong><\/p>\n \u018fg\u0259r insan azadd\u0131rsa, \u00f6z se\u00e7iml\u0259rin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 m\u0259suldur.<\/p>\n Bel\u0259likl\u0259, Kierkegaarddan Sartrey\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r uzanan ekzistensial d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnc\u0259nin m\u0259rk\u0259zind\u0259 bir ne\u00e7\u0259 \u0259sas sual dayan\u0131r:<\/p>\n M\u0259n kim\u0259m?<\/strong><\/p>\n N\u0259 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn ya\u015fay\u0131ram?<\/strong><\/p>\n Azadam, yoxsa h\u0259yat\u0131m \u0259vv\u0259lc\u0259d\u0259n m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259nl\u0259\u015fdirilib?<\/strong><\/p>\n Se\u00e7iml\u0259rim\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 kim m\u0259suldur?<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00d6l\u00fcm h\u0259yat\u0131m\u0131n m\u0259nas\u0131n\u0131 nec\u0259 d\u0259yi\u015fir?<\/strong><\/p>\n Ba\u015fqalar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n etdiyi h\u0259yatla, yoxsa \u00f6z se\u00e7diyim h\u0259yatla ya\u015fay\u0131ram?<\/strong><\/p>\n Ekzistensializm bu suallara haz\u0131r v\u0259 universal cavab verm\u0259y\u0259 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131r. \u018fksin\u0259, insan\u0131 bu suallarla \u00fcz-\u00fcz\u0259 qoyur.<\/p>\n Ekzistensializm \u00e7ox vaxt yaln\u0131z \u00f6l\u00fcm, t\u0259nhal\u0131q, qorxu v\u0259 m\u0259nas\u0131zl\u0131q f\u0259ls\u0259f\u0259si kimi t\u0259qdim edilir. Bu, onun yaln\u0131z bir t\u0259r\u0259fidir.<\/p>\n \u018fslind\u0259 ekzistensial d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnc\u0259nin \u0259sas m\u00f6vzular\u0131ndan biri insan\u0131n \u00f6z h\u0259yat\u0131na sahib \u00e7\u0131xmas\u0131d\u0131r<\/strong>.<\/p>\n H\u0259yat\u0131n m\u0259nas\u0131 haz\u0131r \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 verilmirs\u0259, insan onu axtarmal\u0131 v\u0259 ya \u00f6z\u00fc yaratmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n Azadl\u0131q qorxu yarad\u0131rsa da, eyni zamanda insana \u00f6z h\u0259yat\u0131n\u0131 d\u0259yi\u015fm\u0259k imkan\u0131 verir.<\/p>\n Bu bax\u0131mdan ekzistensializm insan\u0131 passivliy\u0259 deyil, se\u00e7im\u0259, m\u0259suliyy\u0259t\u0259 v\u0259 \u00f6z varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n f\u0259rqin\u0259 varma\u011fa<\/strong> \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n Ekzistensializmin tarixi bir filosofun ad\u0131 il\u0259 m\u0259hdudla\u015fm\u0131r. Kierkegaarddan Nietzschey\u0259, Heideggerd\u0259n Sartrey\u0259, Camusdan ba\u015fqa XX \u0259sr d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u0259rin\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r m\u00fcxt\u0259lif filosoflar insan varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n f\u0259rqli t\u0259r\u0259fl\u0259rini ara\u015fd\u0131r\u0131blar.<\/p>\n Lakin bu f\u0259ls\u0259fi yolun ba\u015flan\u011f\u0131c\u0131nda dayanan \u0259n m\u00fch\u00fcm adlardan biri S\u00f8ren Kierkegaardd\u0131r<\/strong>.<\/p>\n O, f\u0259ls\u0259f\u0259nin diqq\u0259tini abstrakt \u201cinsan\u201d anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan konkret f\u0259rdin \u00f6z h\u0259yat\u0131na<\/strong> y\u00f6n\u0259ltdi.<\/p>\n B\u0259lk\u0259 d\u0259 ekzistensializmin \u0259n m\u00fch\u00fcm mesaj\u0131 el\u0259 budur:<\/p>\n \u0130nsan yaln\u0131z d\u00fcnyada m\u00f6vcud olan bir varl\u0131q deyil. O, \u00f6z m\u00f6vcudlu\u011funun m\u0259nas\u0131 haqq\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u0259n, se\u00e7im ed\u0259n v\u0259 se\u00e7iminin m\u0259suliyy\u0259tini da\u015f\u0131yan varl\u0131qd\u0131r.<\/strong><\/p>\n imza.info<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" \u0130nsan kimdir? N\u0259 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn ya\u015fay\u0131r? H\u0259yat\u0131n \u0259vv\u0259lc\u0259d\u0259n m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n edilmi\u015f bir m\u0259nas\u0131 varm\u0131? \u0130nsan \u00f6z taleyini \u00f6z\u00fc m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n edir, yoxsa g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u0259z q\u00fcvv\u0259l\u0259rin, c\u0259miyy\u0259tin v\u0259 \u015f\u0259raitin \u0259siridir? Bu suallar f\u0259ls\u0259f\u0259 tarixind\u0259 h\u0259mi\u015f\u0259 m\u00f6vcud olub. Lakin XIX \u0259srd\u0259 bu suallar yeni v\u0259 daha k\u0259skin \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131ya \u00e7\u0131xd\u0131. \u0130nsan\u0131n daxili t\u0259nhal\u0131\u011f\u0131, azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131, se\u00e7imi, m\u0259suliyy\u0259ti, qorxusu v\u0259 h\u0259yat\u0131n m\u0259nas\u0131 haqq\u0131nda […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":2404,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[42,58,57],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2403","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-antologiya","category-layihlr","category-trcum-flsf"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/imza.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2403","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/imza.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/imza.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/imza.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/imza.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2403"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/imza.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2403\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2406,"href":"https:\/\/imza.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2403\/revisions\/2406"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/imza.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/2404"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/imza.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2403"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/imza.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2403"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/imza.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2403"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}Kierkegaard: f\u0259ls\u0259f\u0259ni insan\u0131n daxili d\u00fcnyas\u0131na qaytaran filosof<\/h2>\n
Azadl\u0131q v\u0259 narahatl\u0131q<\/h2>\n
\u201c\u00dcmidsizlik\u201d n\u0259dir?<\/h2>\n
\u201cK\u00fctl\u0259\u201d qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda f\u0259rd<\/h2>\n
Nietzsche v\u0259 ekzistensializmin ba\u015fqa bir m\u0259nb\u0259yi<\/h2>\n
Heidegger: \u201cVarl\u0131q\u201d m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259si<\/h2>\n
Sartre: \u201c\u0130nsan azad olma\u011fa m\u0259hkumdur\u201d<\/h2>\n
Ekzistensializmin \u0259sas sual\u0131<\/h2>\n
Ekzistensializm b\u0259dbinlik deyil<\/h2>\n
Kierkegaard\u0131n qoydu\u011fu miras<\/h3>\n